List of Tables

Table 1. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & CAGR: China VS Global, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Table 2. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Market Restraints

Table 3. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Market Trends

Table 4. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Industry Policy

Table 5. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Revenue by Company, 2020-2025, US$ million, Ranked Based on Revenue in 2024

Table 6. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Revenue Share by Company, 2020-2025, Ranked by Data of 2024

Table 7. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity by Company, (2020-2025) & (K Sq.m), Ranked Based on Sales in 2024

Table 8. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity by Company, 2020-2025, Ranked by Data of 2024

Table 9. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Average Selling Price (ASP) by Company, (2020-2025) & (US$/Sq.m)

Table 10. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR3 and HHI)

Table 11. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

Table 12. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Manufacturers Product Type

Table 13. Head Office and Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Production Site of Key Manufacturer

Table 14. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Capacity of Major Manufacturers and Future Plan

Table 15. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Revenue by Company, 2020-2025, US$ million, Ranked Based on Revenue in 2024

Table 16. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Revenue Share by Company, 2020-2025, Ranked by Data of 2024

Table 17. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity by Company, (2020-2025) & (K Sq.m), Ranked Based on Sales in 2024

Table 18. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity by Company, 2020-2025, Ranked by Data of 2024

Table 19. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Production & Forecast by Region, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031, (K Sq.m)

Table 20. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Production by Region, 2020-2025, (K Sq.m)

Table 21. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Production Forecast by Region, 2026-2031, (K Sq.m)

Table 22. Global Key Players of Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Upstream (Raw Materials)

Table 23. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Typical Customers

Table 24. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Typical Distributors

Table 25. by Type, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & CAGR, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031, US$ Million

Table 26. by Application, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & CAGR, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031, US$ Million

Table 27. By Region, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031, US$ Million

Table 28. By Region, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Table 29. By Region, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Table 30. By Country, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & CAGR, 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031, US$ Million

Table 31. By Country, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Table 32. By Country, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value Market Share, 2020-2031

Table 33. By Country, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Table 34. By Country, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2020-2031

Table 35. CCGrass Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 36. CCGrass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 37. CCGrass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 38. CCGrass Company Profile and Main Business

Table 39. CCGrass Recent Developments

Table 40. Sport Group Holding Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 41. Sport Group Holding Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 42. Sport Group Holding Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 43. Sport Group Holding Company Profile and Main Business

Table 44. Sport Group Holding Recent Developments

Table 45. Qingdao Qinghe Artificial Turf Co., Ltd. Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 46. Qingdao Qinghe Artificial Turf Co., Ltd. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 47. Qingdao Qinghe Artificial Turf Co., Ltd. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 48. Qingdao Qinghe Artificial Turf Co., Ltd. Company Profile and Main Business

Table 49. Qingdao Qinghe Artificial Turf Co., Ltd. Recent Developments

Table 50. TenCate Grass Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 51. TenCate Grass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 52. TenCate Grass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 53. TenCate Grass Company Profile and Main Business

Table 54. TenCate Grass Recent Developments

Table 55. FieldTurf Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 56. FieldTurf Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 57. FieldTurf Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 58. FieldTurf Company Profile and Main Business

Table 59. FieldTurf Recent Developments

Table 60. Shaw Sports Turf Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 61. Shaw Sports Turf Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 62. Shaw Sports Turf Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 63. Shaw Sports Turf Company Profile and Main Business

Table 64. Shaw Sports Turf Recent Developments

Table 65. Sports & Leisure Group Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 66. Sports & Leisure Group Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 67. Sports & Leisure Group Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 68. Sports & Leisure Group Company Profile and Main Business

Table 69. Sports & Leisure Group Recent Developments

Table 70. Condor Grass Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 71. Condor Grass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 72. Condor Grass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 73. Condor Grass Company Profile and Main Business

Table 74. Condor Grass Recent Developments

Table 75. Victoria PLC Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 76. Victoria PLC Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 77. Victoria PLC Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 78. Victoria PLC Company Profile and Main Business

Table 79. Victoria PLC Recent Developments

Table 80. Taishan Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 81. Taishan Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 82. Taishan Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 83. Taishan Company Profile and Main Business

Table 84. Taishan Recent Developments

Table 85. Hellas Construction Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 86. Hellas Construction Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 87. Hellas Construction Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 88. Hellas Construction Company Profile and Main Business

Table 89. Hellas Construction Recent Developments

Table 90. All Victory Grass Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 91. All Victory Grass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 92. All Victory Grass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 93. All Victory Grass Company Profile and Main Business

Table 94. All Victory Grass Recent Developments

Table 95. Mighty Grss Co., Ltd. Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 96. Mighty Grss Co., Ltd. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 97. Mighty Grss Co., Ltd. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 98. Mighty Grss Co., Ltd. Company Profile and Main Business

Table 99. Mighty Grss Co., Ltd. Recent Developments

Table 100. Jiangsu Vivaturf Artificial Grass Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 101. Jiangsu Vivaturf Artificial Grass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 102. Jiangsu Vivaturf Artificial Grass Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 103. Jiangsu Vivaturf Artificial Grass Company Profile and Main Business

Table 104. Jiangsu Vivaturf Artificial Grass Recent Developments

Table 105. Nurteks Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 106. Nurteks Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 107. Nurteks Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 108. Nurteks Company Profile and Main Business

Table 109. Nurteks Recent Developments

Table 110. Sprinturf Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 111. Sprinturf Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 112. Sprinturf Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 113. Sprinturf Company Profile and Main Business

Table 114. Sprinturf Recent Developments

Table 115. Beaulieu International Group Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 116. Beaulieu International Group Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 117. Beaulieu International Group Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 118. Beaulieu International Group Company Profile and Main Business

Table 119. Beaulieu International Group Recent Developments

Table 120. SIS Pitches Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 121. SIS Pitches Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 122. SIS Pitches Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 123. SIS Pitches Company Profile and Main Business

Table 124. SIS Pitches Recent Developments

Table 125. ForeverLawn, Inc. (DuPont) Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 126. ForeverLawn, Inc. (DuPont) Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 127. ForeverLawn, Inc. (DuPont) Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 128. ForeverLawn, Inc. (DuPont) Company Profile and Main Business

Table 129. ForeverLawn, Inc. (DuPont) Recent Developments

Table 130. Global Syn-Turf Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 131. Global Syn-Turf Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 132. Global Syn-Turf Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 133. Global Syn-Turf Company Profile and Main Business

Table 134. Global Syn-Turf Recent Developments

Table 135. ACT Global Sports Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 136. ACT Global Sports Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 137. ACT Global Sports Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 138. ACT Global Sports Company Profile and Main Business

Table 139. ACT Global Sports Recent Developments

Table 140. Controlled Products Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 141. Controlled Products Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 142. Controlled Products Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 143. Controlled Products Company Profile and Main Business

Table 144. Controlled Products Recent Developments

Table 145. Saltex Oy Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 146. Saltex Oy Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 147. Saltex Oy Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 148. Saltex Oy Company Profile and Main Business

Table 149. Saltex Oy Recent Developments

Table 150. Guangdong Citygreen Sports Co., Ltd. Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 151. Guangdong Citygreen Sports Co., Ltd. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 152. Guangdong Citygreen Sports Co., Ltd. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 153. Guangdong Citygreen Sports Co., Ltd. Company Profile and Main Business

Table 154. Guangdong Citygreen Sports Co., Ltd. Recent Developments

Table 155. Dorelom Group Company Information, Head Office, Market Area, and Industry Position

Table 156. Dorelom Group Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Models, Specifications, and Application

Table 157. Dorelom Group Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Sq.m) and Gross Margin, 2020-2025

Table 158. Dorelom Group Company Profile and Main Business

Table 159. Dorelom Group Recent Developments

List of Figures

Figure 1. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Picture

Figure 2. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value, (US$ million) & (2020-2031)

Figure 3. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, (K Sq.m) & (2020-2031)

Figure 4. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Average Selling Price (ASP), (2020-2031) & (US$/Sq.m)

Figure 5. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value, (US$ million) & (2020-2031)

Figure 6. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity (K Sq.m) & (2020-2031)

Figure 7. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Average Selling Price (ASP), (US$/Sq.m) & (2020-2031)

Figure 8. By Consumption Value, China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Market Share of Global, 2020-2031

Figure 9. By Sales Quantity, China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Market Share of Global, 2020-2031

Figure 10. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Market Share by Company, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), 2024

Figure 11. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Key Participants, Market Share, 2024

Figure 12. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Capacity, Production and Capacity Utilization, 2020-2031

Figure 13. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Capacity Market Share by Region, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 14. Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Production Market Share & Forecast by Region, 2020-2031

Figure 15. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Industry Chain

Figure 16. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Procurement Model

Figure 17. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Model

Figure 18. Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Channels, Direct Sales, and Distribution

Figure 19. PP Artificial Grass Turf

Figure 20. PE Artificial Grass Turf

Figure 21. Nylon Artificial Grass Turf

Figure 22. by Type, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Figure 23. by Type, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value Market Share, 2020-2031

Figure 24. by Type, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 25. by Type, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2020-2031

Figure 26. by Type, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Average Selling Price (ASP), 2020-2031, (US$/Sq.m)

Figure 27. Residential Area Landscape Greening

Figure 28. Commercial Land Greening

Figure 29. Urban Landscape Greening

Figure 30. Event Venue

Figure 31. Others

Figure 32. by Application, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Figure 33. by Application, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Revenue Market Share, 2020-2031

Figure 34. by Application, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 35. by Application, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2020-2031

Figure 36. by Application, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Price, 2020-2031, (US$/Sq.m)

Figure 37. By Region, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value Market Share, 2020-2031

Figure 38. By Region, Global Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2020-2031

Figure 39. North America Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & Forecasts, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Figure 40. By Country, North America Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value Market Share, 2024

Figure 41. Europe Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & Forecasts, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Figure 42. By Country, Europe Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value Market Share, 2024

Figure 43. Asia Pacific Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & Forecasts, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Figure 44. By Country/Region, Asia Pacific Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value Market Share, 2024

Figure 45. South America Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & Forecasts, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Figure 46. By Country, South America Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value Market Share, 2024

Figure 47. Middle East & Africa Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Consumption Value & Forecasts, 2020-2031, US$ Million

Figure 48. United States Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 49. by Type, United States Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 50. by Application, United States Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 51. Europe Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 52. by Type, Europe Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 53. by Application, Europe Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 54. China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 55. by Type, China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 56. by Application, China Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 57. Japan Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 58. by Type, Japan Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 59. by Application, Japan Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 60. South Korea Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 61. by Type, South Korea Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 62. by Application, South Korea Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 63. Southeast Asia Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 64. by Type, Southeast Asia Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 65. by Application, Southeast Asia Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 66. India Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 67. by Type, India Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 68. by Application, India Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 69. Middle East & Africa Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity, 2020-2031, (K Sq.m)

Figure 70. by Type, Middle East & Africa Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 71. by Application, Middle East & Africa Leisure and Landscaping Artificial Turf Sales Quantity Market Share, 2024 VS 2031

Figure 72. Research Methodology

Figure 73. Breakdown of Primary Interviews

Figure 74. Bottom-up Approaches

Figure 75. Top-down Approaches